Some attacks are clearly and obviously cheats. They beat bases like yours with no tactics, their plane count goes astronomical (in the replay they die many times), and use no mercenaries. Several people in our alliance near your level (230+) have been hit for 4-5 stars by players using only planes and barracks troops. This is with blessings and generals up, fully loaded traps. Replay shows no stars and planes continuing to come out multiple times after dying. They use no tactics, blessings, generals, or mercenaries.
This particular set of screenshots look like a classic replay error to me. Something along the lines of a stray silo shot to a different place, or a town center FH that got away in the replay, or a forest spawn difference that results in his mercs dying fast. If cheating, he is somewhat incompetent compared to the replays I have seen, as he would have to rebuild his mercenaries and tactics.
The replay not using the full battle time is consistent with replay errors too. Some difference that results in your silo surviving past a sabotage means all his troops die fast. Whereas with the silo dead in his battle, it would have taken more time to finish clearing the whole base.
There is no proof either way, but your differences are all within the realm of possibility for screwed up replays. Skillfully handled, it is plausible that that mix of troops, mercenaries and tactics could 5 star a 235 base.